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3), it is advised to destroy the affected tray and any adjacent trays, since … 2005 New sources of resistance to gummy stem blight in watermelon Crop Sci. & Sinclair, J.B. 1995 Basic plant pathology methods, 2nd ed. & Zitter, T.A. & Davis, A.R. Early symptoms are round black, wrinkled spots on young leaves and dark sunken areas on stems. 1986 ‘AU-Jubilant’ and ‘AU-Producer’ watermelons HortScience 21 1460 1461, Norton, J.D., Boyhan, G., Smith, D.A. Research from this project will provide effective screening methods for use by seed company personnel in testing their cultivars for resistance to GSB. Plants were inoculated at least two times at 2-wk intervals by spraying the inoculum onto all upper leaf surfaces. In: M.E. Symptoms: Gummy stem blight refers to the stem phase of this disease, which is more common on cantaloupes. Gummy stem blight can be particularly serious on grafted watermelon seedlings. The dotted lines indicate the mean value of the disease assessment scale (4.5). Clear genetics ratios are fundamental to deduce the genetic basis of the dependence of one gene on another (Gusmini et al., 2004; Tetteh et al., 2013). In PI 482283 × ‘Calhoun Gray’, field F2 and BC1Pr segregation ratio chi-square tests failed to reject the null hypothesis of resistance being controlled by a single gene (Table 1). © 2019-2020 American Society for Horticultural Science. We performed segregation analysis and the chi-square goodness-of-fit tests (P < 0.05) for each F2 and BC1Pr progeny with the SAS-STAT statistical package (SAS Institute, Cary, NC) and the SASGENE 1.2 program (Liu et al., 1997). Dark pycnidia of the anamorph, Phoma cucurbitacearum (Fr.:Fr.) Muskmelon (cantaloupe), cucumber, and watermelon are most commonly affected by this phase of the disease. Gummy stem blight (GSB) and fusarium wilt (FW) can be common problems for watermelon producers in the Southeast. The stem of transplants same may show water soaking. to develop methods for evaluation of watermelon for resistance to gummy stem blight, to use those methods to screen the watermelon germplasm collection in comparison with commercial cultivars and resistant cucumbers, to calculate inheritance for watermelon resistance to bummy stem blight, to characterize Molecular Markers to tag genes for resistance, to breed resistant cultigens with commercial cultivars to make them resistant to gummy stem blight, Todd C. Wehner, Professor, Horticultural Science, Gerald J. Holmes, Professor, Plant Pathology, Collect watermelon cultigens for use in screening, Collect isolates of GSB for methods development, Develop a method for screening the germplasm, Screen the germplasm for resistance to GSB, Determine inheritance in resistant x susceptible crosses, Develop elite inbred lines with high resistance to GSB. It can infect a host at any stage of growth and affects almost all parts of the plant including leaves, stems and fruits. Sci. The gummy stem blight pathogen can be seedborne, therefore, treating seeds prior to planting is recommended. Fruit rot initially looks water-soaked. 1995 Fungicide timing for optimum management of gummy stem blight epidemics on watermelon Plant Dis. Yield losses can be as high as 30-40% if the disease is not managed using an appropriate fungicide management strategy under high moisture and warmer weather conditions. Gummy Stem Blight – Older tissues are generally affected more often than new ones when gummy stem blight fungus is involved. Gummy Stem Blight – Older tissues are generally affected more often than new ones when gummy stem blight fungus is involved. If a severe outbreak happens before fruit set with heavy leaf drop, yield losses can be substantial as exposed fruits experience sun scalding. 32 371 377, Dhingra, O.D. J. 1998 Soilborne diseases in Cucurbitaceae: Pathogen virulence and host resistance, p. 143–166. The ideal scenario for Stevenson and watermelon farmers everywhere would be the development of disease-resistant watermelons, which is currently being researched in Athens. Pr and PS indicate GSB ratings of the resistant and the susceptible parents, respectively. Med. Dissertation, North Carolina State University, Detection and location of seed-borne inoculum of, and its transmission in seedlings of cucumber and pumpkin, Differences in sensitivity to a triazole fungicide among stagonosporopsis species causing gummy stem blight of cucurbits, Spatial genetic structure and population dynamics of gummy stem blight fungi within and among watermelon fields in the southeastern United Sates, SASGENE: A SAS computer program for genetic analysis of gene segregation and linkage, Resistance to benzimidazole fungicides in the gummy stem blight pathogen, Gummy stem blight and black rot of melons. Gummy stem blight infection,Didymella bryoniae, on a seedling. Infection of seedlings in the nursery is a major threat to watermelon production as it means the fungus is taken to the field and early infection and spread is guaranteed. The fungus survives from season to season in crop debris. 2nd ed. However, there was no difference in the conclusion, so we presented the data without the correction to avoid the tendency of Yate’s to overcorrect (Conover, 1974; Haviland, 1990). In: M. Pitrat (ed.). Gummy stem blight (also called black rot) is one of the most serious foliar diseases of muskmelon and watermelon in Indiana. Photo 3. Often, infected transplants will have lesions on the the stem (Image 2). & Paris, H.S. & Donaghy, S.B. GSB tends to be more of a foliar pathogen that can move to the petioles and vines, and in extreme cases, the melons. Citation: HortScience horts 52, 11; 10.21273/HORTSCI12123-17. Gummy stem blight is large, round spots on the edges of leaves and dry cankers on the main stem (figure 1). We adopted an ordinal disease assessment scale (Gusmini et al., 2002), with 0 = no disease; 1 = yellowing on leaves (a trace of disease only); 2–4 = symptoms on leaves only; 5 = some leaves dead, no symptoms on stem; 6–8 = symptoms on leaves and stems; 9 = plant dead. Proceedings of the IXth EUCARPIA meeting on genetics and breeding of Cucurbitaceae, Avignon, France, Negatively correlated cross-resistance between benzimidazole fungicides and methyl N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl) carbamate, Fungicide timing for optimum management of gummy stem blight epidemics on watermelon, Soil amendment with cabbage residue and crop rotation to reduce gummy stem blight and increase growth and yield of watermelon, Effect of protectant fungicide application schedules on gummy stem blight epidemics and marketable yield of watermelon, on nine species of cucurbits under field conditions, Polyoxin D and other biopesticides reduce gummy stem blight but not anthracnose on melon seedlings, Resistance to benomyl and thiophanate-methyl in, Inheritance of fruit yield and other horticulturally important traits in watermelon [, (Thunb.) (syn. The disease can cause significant production losses during warm and wet conditions. parts can become affected, the most typical symptom is a water-soaked lesion on the hypocotyl where the cotyledons attach. Miller (ed.). 9 363 367, Hopkins, D.L. The specific fungi and their hosts are listed below. However, greenhouse goodness-of-fit-tests (F2 and/or BC1Pr) consistently reject the single recessive gene hypothesis, suggesting a more complex mode of inheritance (Table 1). Under humid or wet conditions, affected plants rapidly collapse. & Bonifácio, A. The inheritance study and Molecular Markers experiment will be finished until Spring 2003 and resistant varieties might be released until 2005. & Brewer, M.T. Gummy stem blight or stem canker, caused by fungus Didymella bryoniae is one of the main diseases in melon worldwide. & Vakalounakis, K.J. The distribution pattern also supported the presence of a more complex mode of inheritance, with large environmental effects, and modifier genes (Hopkins and Levi, 2008). Similarly, greenhouse BC1Pr segregation ratio chi-square test rejects the null hypothesis of resistance being controlled by a single gene, contributed by PI 482283 (Table 1). An important disease. Dark pseudothecia, 125–213 µm in diameter, may also form, especially on stems. 84 254 260, Keinath, A.P. Gummy stem blight is caused by the fungus Didymella bryoniae and leads to losses for growers every watermelon season. 1917 Some important diseases of truck crops in Florida Florida Agriculture Experimental Station Bulletin 139 269 273, Sherf, A.F. Gummy Stem Blight affects many cucurbits including watermelon, cantaloupe, cucumber, pumpkin, and some squash. In the late afternoon of the day of inoculation, we irrigated with ≈12 mm of water to promote disease development with high relative humidity at night. McCreight (ed.). In PI 526233 × ‘Allsweet’, both field and greenhouse F2 segregation ratio chi-square tests reject the null hypothesis of a single gene controlling the expression of resistance to GSB (Table 1). & Kamoshita, K. 1984 Negatively correlated cross-resistance between benzimidazole fungicides and methyl N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl) carbamate J. Pestic. We delivered the inoculum as a fine mist using a backpack-sprayer operated at a pressure of 200–275 kPa (30–40 psi). 1997 Gummy stem blight and black rot of melons. Plant Pathol. Matsum. 2013 Genetic mapping of gummy stem blight (Didymella bryoniae) resistance genes in Cucumis sativus-hystrix introgression lines Euphytica 192 359 369, Malathrakis, N.E. We have already done P, F1, F2, BC1, and BC2 generations for the inheritance study and we are preparing the F3 generation for inheritance study and Molecular Markers. McCreight (ed.). The disease can cause serious losses in watermelon, rockmelon, honeydew, squash, pumpkin and cucumber. 2003 Mass production of gummy stem blight spores for resistance screening Rep. Cucurbit Genet. Gummy stem blight causes lesions on stems and leaves. 1). & Campbell, C.L. 2016 Spatial genetic structure and population dynamics of gummy stem blight fungi within and among watermelon fields in the southeastern United Sates Phytopathology 106 900 908, Liu, J.S., Wehner, T.C. Chiu & J. C. Walker). Coop. Optimal conditions for gummy stem blight infection in watermelon is 75°F temperature and prolonged moisture with leaf wetness lasting 1 … ... 2014), due to a higher susceptibility of watermelon and melon to foliar blight, regular use of fungicides is recommended in environments conducive to disease. When severely infected, complete leaf necrosis and leaf drop can be noticed. Disease symptoms are often visible before and after transplanting in the field. So far we have developed a reliable screening method and we are developing a faster method based on inoculation of detached leaves only, we have finished the screening of 1274 PI Accessions from USDA Germplasm Collection, which involved multiple replications and years (from 1998 through 2001) in field and greenhouse. & Bruton, B.D. The disease is also known as black rot due to its characteristic appearance on infe… Thus, the resistant PI accession was not more heterogeneous than the pure-line cultivar. In the greenhouse (a controlled environment), uniform conditions were created for plant and pathogen development. 119 370 382, Tetteh, A.Y., Wehner, T.C. Frequency distribution plots of F2 data for the four watermelon families (resistant PI accessions by susceptible cultivars of C. lanatus subsp. Expt. Gummy stem blight on watermelon plants is evident as crown blight, stem cankers, and extensive defoliation, with symptoms observed on the cotyledons, hypocotyls, leaves, and fruit (Maynard and Hopkins, 1999). Gummy stem blight can be confused with anthracnose but the leaf lesions of anthracnose are irregularly shaped in watermelon and the stem cankers are spindle-shaped. 100 1 7, Li, H.-X. It later turns completely black. In PI 482283 × ‘NH Midget’, both field and greenhouse F2 segregation ratio chi-square tests reject the null hypothesis of a single gene controlling the expression of resistance to GSB (Table 1). In: A. Lebeda and H.S. Universiteit Gent, Faculteit van de Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen, Field tests for cucumber resistance to gummy stem blight in North Carolina, Screening the cucumber germplasm for resistance to gummy stem blight in North Carolina field tests, Compendium of cucurbit diseases. On watermelon, the disease is mainly confined to the foliage (leaves and petioles), although seedling blight and fruit rot occasionally occur. Early infection usually develops from contaminated seed and can be visible on transplants (Image 1). In the field (a variable environment), the evaluation of a high number of cultigens in each test required the use of large areas, increasing the environmental variation within the field per year and site. It is caused by three genetically distinct Stagonosporopsis species, S. cucurbitacearum (syn. Watermelon gummy stem blight (007) Photo 1. 86 1094 1100, Power, H.J. Mycosphaerella melonis, is an ascomycete fungal plant pathogen that causes Gummy stem blight on the family Cucurbitaceae [1-3].The anamorph/asexual stage for this fungus is called Phoma cucurbitacearum [2]. Cucurbitaceae 98. Miller (ed.). After grafting, plants must be misted or held at high relative humidity for one week while the vascular bundles of rootstocks and scions connect. Stat. & Nakai) is an important plant in the family Cucurbitaceae. Coop. However, this method was not able to prevent large differences between field and greenhouse tests. This fungus is a common problem in Florida and can cause significant losses, if left unchecked. Gummy stem blight (GSB) was found in an Eastern shore muskmelon field this past week. 1993 ‘AU-Golden Producer’ watermelon HortScience 28 681 682, Norton, J.D., Boyhan, G., Smith, D.A. Gummy stem blight is a rotting diseases which can affect all parts of the watermelon fruit including the leaves, stems, and fruit itself. In Fig. 96 979 984, van Steekelenburg, N.A.M. Gummy stem blight is the name given to the disease when leaves and stems are infected. Observed variability of GSB outbreaks may be the results of genetic or environmental effects (Wehner and Amand, 1993). The robustness of the method used in this study (0 = no disease to 9 = plant dead) relies on repeatability and replications within years and sites (Gusmini et al., 2005). 2016 Polyoxin D and other biopesticides reduce gummy stem blight but not anthracnose on melon seedlings Plant Health Prog. 1962 Gummy stem blight resistance in introduced watermelons Plant Dis. 26 26 30, Gusmini, G., Wehner, T.C. 89 75 86, van Steekelenburg, N.A.M. 2012 Baseline sensitivity and cross-resistance to succinate-dehydrogenase-inhibiting and demethylation-inhibiting fungicides in Didymella bryoniae Plant Dis. 9 489 495, Keinath, A.P. & Neergaard, P. 1984 Detection and location of seed-borne inoculum of Didymella bryoniae and its transmission in seedlings of cucumber and pumpkin Phytopathology 109 301 308, Li, H.-X., Stevenson, K.L. The inconsistency between observed and expected ratios of several progenies in four different crosses suggests a more complex mode of inheritance for resistance to GSB, as well as a large environmental effect (greenhouse vs. field). Universiteit Gent Faculteit van de Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen 52 875 880, Wehner, T.C. & Holmes, G.J. Fruit is rarely affected, but loss of foliage may affect yield and fruit quality. One pest in particular is Didymella bryoniae, better known as Gummy Stem Blight (GSB) has been an issue.This fungus is a common problem in Florida and can cause significant losses, if … Rep. 46 883 885, Stewart, J.E., Turner, A.N. 1983 Resistance to benzimidazole fungicides in the gummy stem blight pathogen Didymella bryoniae on cucurbits Plant Pathol. is the causative agent of gummy stem blight (GSB), a disease affecting members of the family Cucurbitaceae. nursery plants infected with gummy stem blight from other cucurbit pathogens, ... Seedling watermelon with early symptoms caused by GSB. Gummy stem blight is caused by the fungus Didymella bryoniae and leads to losses for growers every watermelon season. No commercial resistance yet 78 589 615, Chomicki, G. & Renner, S.S. 2015 Watermelon origin solved with molecular phylogenetics including Linnaean material: Another example of museomics New Phytol. 1994 Screening for resistance to anthracnose (race 2), gummy stem blight, and root knot nematode in watermelon germplasm Cucurbit Genet. 69 374 376, dos Santos, G.R., Sousa, S.C.R., Juliatti, F.C., Rodrigues, A.C., Dalcin, M.S. Sci. Avenot, H.F., Thomas, A., Gitaitis, R.D., Langston, D.B. Comments. Sta. Gummy stem blight had been the most widespread and serious dis-ease of watermelon in Kentucky. Coop. Gummy stem blight of watermelons and other cucurbits refers to the foliar and stem infecting phase of the disease and black rot refers to the fruit rotting phase. & Nakai, Cucurbitaceae] is an important fruit crop in Taiwan. CRC press, Boca Raton, FL, Gusmini, G. & Wehner, T.C. South Carolina Agr. 2002 Screening the watermelon germplasm collection for resistance to gummy stem blight Acta Hort. These long, continuous periods of leaf wetness are favorable for severe disease outbreaks. These effects can modify pathogen aggressiveness, causing differences over years, and between field and greenhouse tests (Gusmini and Wehner, 2002; Stewart et al., 2015). 88 253 254, Lou, L., Wang, H., Qian, C., Liu, J., Bai, Y. 1954 Effectiveness of seed treatment for controlling anthracnose and gummy stem blight of watermelon Phytopathology 44 675 680, Schenck, N.C. 1962 Mycosphaerella fruit rot of watermelon Phytopathology 52 635 638, Sherbakoff, C.C. A wide array of testing methods for resistance to GSB have been deployed by breeders during the last three decades to follow the inheritance of the db gene in their populations, and the one adopted in this study was demonstrated to be the most effective of the methods tried (Gusmini and Wehner, 2002; Song et al., 2002, 2004). & Amand, P.C. vulgaris) screened for resistance to gummy stem blight (GSB) in greenhouse and field tests in North Carolina (2002–03). Paris (eds.). 95 268 270, Gusmini, G., Song, R. & Wehner, T.C. The purpose of this research project is: to develop methods for evaluation of watermelon for resistance to gummy stem blight to use those methods to screen the watermelon germplasm collection in comparison with commercial cultivars and resistant cucumbers to calculate inheritance for watermelon resistance to bummy stem blight 1980 New sources of resistance to watermelon anthracnose HortScience 105 197 199, Sowell, G. & Pointer, G.R. citrulli, p. 157–162. We thank Tammy L. Ellington for her assistance with plant production in the field and greenhouse and Gerald J. Holmes and Anthony P. Keinath for their advice on pathogen handling. Indeed, if the resistance to GSB was solely due to the db gene, similar results should be expected in both greenhouse and field tests. Sta. Single locus chi-square goodness-of-fit-test (P < 0.05) for resistance to gummy stem blight (GSB) in watermelon.z. 1993 Field tests for cucumber resistance to gummy stem blight in North Carolina HortScience 28 327 329, Wehner, T.C. For example, ‘Charleston Gray’ varied from a rating of 4 to a rating of 8 among seven plants evaluated (Gusmini et al., 2005). Powdery mildew (caused by the fungus named Podosphaera xanthii) was consistently among the most prevalent diseases of watermelon in a survey of foliar diseases done in 2015 and 2016, second only to gummy stem blight.1As no resistant cultivars of watermelon are available, specific fungicides are necessary to manage the disease. Within the past two weeks, there have been multiple calls about pests affecting watermelon crops. L−1) was added to the inoculum to keep the spores well dispersed in the inoculum solution (Song et al., 2004). Gummy Stem Blight. Cucurbitaceae 2002. ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA, Temporal and spatial dynamics of watermelon gummy stem blight epidemics, Physiology and pathogenicity of cucurbit black-rot fungus, Watermelon origin solved with molecular phylogenetics including Linnaean material: Another example of museomics, Some reasons for not using the Yates continuity correction on 2 × 2 contingency tables, Control of gummy stem blight in watermelon through different management systems, Basic plant pathology methods, 2nd ed. Downy mildew will usually only affect the leaves of the watermelon, but, if not treated in a timely manner, can spread to the rest of the fruit. J. 128 473 482, Chiu, W.F. Notice the concentration of the spots at the margins of the leaf where water stays for longer. Also, there was variation among single plants of pure-line cultivars. Melon production system in South Texas, Annual Research report Texas A&M University, Weslaco, Inheritance of resistance to gummy stem blight caused by, ‘AU-Jubilant’ and ‘AU-Producer’ watermelons, Prevalence and ecological association of foliar pathogens of cucumber in North Carolina, 1996-1998, South Carolina 1991 vegetable statistics. Similarly, the segregation ratios of BC1Pr plants in the field and greenhouse significantly deviated from the expected ratios (Table 1). E-mail: lariver2@ncsu.edu. Gummy stem blight is a major disease of watermelon [C. lanatus (Thunb.)Matsum. We used humidifiers in the chamber running continuously for the treatment time (1 d before inoculation through 3 d after inoculation) to keep the relative humidity close to 100% day and night. Gummy stem blight is caused by Didymella bryoniae (Auersw.) The inconsistency of the observed ratios should be attributed, perhaps, to several loci interacting with each other, and also interacting with the environment (Kumar, 2009). American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, MN. American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, MN, American Society for Horticultural Science. Wiley, New York, Song, R., Gusmini, G. & Wehner, T.C. Finally, high environmental variability should be controlled by basing selection on data from multiple replications using both field and greenhouse tests. An important disease. In: J.D. Watermelon gummy stem blight (007) - Worldwide distribution. Other diseases that can result in crop losses include Phytophthora fruit rot, Fusarium wilt, Alternaria 1996 Compendium of cucurbit diseases. Proceedings of Cucurbitaceae 2004, the 8th EUCARPIA Meeting on Cucurbit Genetics and Breeding, Palacki University, Olomouc, Czech Republic, An additional source of resistance to gummy stem blight in watermelon, New sources of resistance to watermelon anthracnose, Gummy stem blight resistance in introduced watermelons, Evolutionary history and variation in host range of three, species causing gummy stem blight of cucurbits, Inheritance of resistance to the new race of powdery mildew in watermelon, Baseline sensitivity and cross-resistance to succinate-dehydrogenase-inhibiting and demethylation-inhibiting fungicides in, , the cause of stem and fruit rot of cucumber (, Resistance to benzimidazole and dicarboximide fungicides in, in cucumbers in The Netherlands.

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